Samina Mustafa
M.Phil. Scholar
It kills 7 million people a year. New research shows it also raises antibiotic resistance and is linked to cancer risks — while targeting already disadvantaged communities the most.
Air pollution remains a global health crisis, claiming approximately 7 million lives annually, with a staggering 4.2 million deaths attributed to ambient air pollution. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that 9 out of 10 people breathe air exceeding recommended guideline limits, with low- and middle-income countries bearing the brunt of this silent menace.
One of the most pressing concerns is smog, a toxic blend of ozone, primary and secondary particulate matter, fueled by factors such as fossil fuel burning, waste combustion, and industrial emissions. In Pakistan, this environmental challenge has led to a dire public health crisis, particularly during the infamous ‘smog season,’ which substitutes for autumn and early winter.
The Ministry of Climate Change and the Environment Protection Department in Punjab are at the forefront of addressing air quality issues in Pakistan. Despite efforts, the nation grapples with severe air quality problems, notably in Lahore, which ranked as the most polluted city in December 2021.
Prime Minister announcements, including measures like importing cleaner fuel and exploring electric vehicles, have shown intent but haven’t translated into a significant improvement in air quality. The adverse health effects, ranging from respiratory issues to heart diseases, are undeniable, prompting urgent health emergency management.
Research underscores the role of vehicular emissions, particularly from two- and three-wheelers, contributing significantly to the air quality crisis. A lack of proper maintenance, high sulfur content in fuel, and absent exhaust after-treatment systems compound the problem. Addressing vehicular pollution requires a comprehensive approach, drawing lessons from successful cases like London, Chicago, and Chinese cities.
China’s effective governance in implementing stringent measures stands in contrast to Pakistan’s low-capacity state with limited coordination and enforcement capabilities. Experts suggest short to medium-term solutions, such as congestion charges and subsidies for cleaner technologies, to alleviate the immediate impact while systemic improvements are underway.
The onset of winter in Lahore brings recurring challenges for residents like 14-year-old Eman Khosa, who faces toxic air, allergies, and outdoor restrictions. The hazardous air quality, marked by high Air Quality Index (AQI) readings, has led to government-declared holidays and lockdowns. Despite these measures, enforcement challenges persist, impacting citizens’ daily lives and businesses.
Amnesty International criticizes the Pakistani government for failing to protect citizens from hazardous air, raising concerns about human rights violations. The inadequate response, including partial implementation of recommendations, underscores the need for a fundamental shift in industrial, agricultural, and transportation practices.
To combat smog, proactive measures, awareness campaigns, and a shift in public perception are crucial. WHO recommendations, including investing in energy-efficient power generation and creating compact, energy-efficient cities, provide a roadmap. Technical solutions such as gas-to-liquid technology and air purification towers offer additional avenues.
In conclusion, addressing Pakistan’s smog crisis demands a holistic approach, combining policy interventions, public awareness, and innovative technologies. As citizens endure the consequences of toxic smog, urgent action is needed to secure a safer and healthier future.
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