Reforming Incarceration: A Comparative Analysis of Prison Rights in Pakistan and the UK
Pakistan stands at a crossroads where embracing technological advancements could lead to a more efficient, transparent, and accessible justice system.
Written by: Advocate Munir Usmani
The prison systems in Pakistan and the United Kingdom starkly contrast regarding human rights, rehabilitation, and overall treatment of inmates.
- Overcrowding and Conditions
Pakistan’s prisons are notorious for overcrowding, with a prison population of approximately 87,712 as of August 2022, translating to a rate of 38 prisoners per 100,000 people based on a national population of around 230 million. Alarmingly, about 70% of these inmates are pre-trial detainees, reflecting a dysfunctional legal system that often leaves individuals awaiting trial for extended periods. Many facilities operate at over 100% capacity, exacerbating unsanitary conditions and limiting access to basic healthcare. In contrast, the UK had a total prison population of 95,526 as of June 2023, with a rate of 159 prisoners per 100,000. The UK’s focus on reducing overcrowding through alternative sentencing has proven effective; for instance, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the prison population fell by 6%, demonstrating the potential for reform.
- Healthcare Access
Healthcare access is another critical area where the two countries diverge significantly. In Pakistan, inadequate healthcare is compounded by corruption within the prison system. Reports indicate that many inmates lack access to essential medical care and medications, leading to high vulnerability to communicable diseases. The health crisis in Pakistani prisons is alarming; budget allocations for health care are below 3% of GDP, far from WHO standards. In stark contrast, UK prisons are mandated under the National Health Service (NHS) to provide comprehensive healthcare services to all inmates. This ensures that prisoners receive necessary medical attention regardless of their financial status.
- Legal Framework and Rights
The legal frameworks governing prisons also reflect differing approaches to inmate rights. In Pakistan, laws such as the Prison Act of 1894 grant excessive power to prison authorities, often leading to abuses. Reports indicate widespread human rights violations, including torture and mistreatment. Conversely, the UK has enacted numerous reforms aimed at protecting inmates’ rights. The Prison Act 1952, along with subsequent amendments and guidelines from bodies like the Prison Ombudsman, emphasizes transparency and accountability. Independent oversight bodies have been established in the UK to monitor prison conditions and ensure adherence to human rights standards.
The comparative analysis of prison systems in Pakistan and the UK reveals significant disparities in treatment, rights, and rehabilitation efforts. By focusing on reducing overcrowding, improving healthcare access, and reforming outdated legal frameworks like the Prison Act of 1894, Pakistan can work towards a more humane prison system that prioritizes rehabilitation over punishment. Learning from successful practices in the UK could pave the way for meaningful reforms that enhance the dignity and rights of prisoners in Pakistan. The urgent need for reform is not only a matter of justice but also a crucial step toward building a more equitable society.
